Brightest radio pulsar outside of our galaxy discovered — thanks to a cool new technique
We might find more ‘missing’ pulsars using this new technique
Why wasn’t PSR J0523-7125 discovered before?
There are more than 3,300 radio pulsars known. Of these, 99% reside within our galaxy. Many were discovered with CSIRO’s famous Parkes radio telescope,Murriyang, in New South Wales.
About 30 radio pulsars have been found outside our galaxy, in the Magellanic Clouds. So far we don’t know of any in more distant galaxies.
Astronomerssearch for pulsars by looking for their distinctive repeating signals in radio telescope data. This is a computationally intensive task. It works most of the time, but this method can sometimes fail if the pulsar is unusual: such as very fast, very slow, or (in this case) if the pulse is very wide.
A very wide pulse reduces the signature “flickering” astronomers look for, and can make the pulsar harder to find. We now know PSR J0523-7125 has an extremely wide beam, and thus escaped detection.
The Large Magellanic Cloud has been explored by the Parkes telescope several times over the past 50 years, and yet this pulsar had never been spotted. So how were we able to find it?
An unusual object emerges in ASKAP data
Pulsar beams can be highly circularly polarised, which means the electric field of light waves rotate in a circular motion as the waves travel throughspace.
Such circularly polarised signals are very rare, and usually only emitted from objects with very strong magnetic fields, such as pulsars or dwarf stars.
We wanted to pinpoint unusual pulsars that are hard to identify with traditional methods, so we set out to find them by specifically detecting circularly polarised signals.
Our eyes can’t distinguish between polarised and unpolarised light. But the ASKAP radio telescope, owned and operated by Australia’s national science agency CSIRO, has the equivalent ofpolarised sunglasses that can recognise circularly polarised events.
When looking at data from our ASKAPVariables and Slow Transients(VAST) survey, an undergraduate student noticed a circular polarised object near the centre of the Large Magellanic Cloud. Moreover, this object changed brightness over the course of several months: another very unusual property that made it unique.
This was unexpected and exciting, since there was no known pulsar or dwarf star at this position. We figured the object must be something new. We observed it with many different telescopes, at different wavelengths, to try and solve the mystery.
Apart from the Parkes (Murriyang) telescope, we used the space-basedNeil Gehrels Swift Observatory(to observe it at X-ray wavelengths) and theGemini telescopein Chile (to observe it at infrared wavelengths). Yet we detected nothing.
The object couldn’t be a star, as stars would be visible in optical and infrared light. It was unlikely to be a normal pulsar, as the pulses would have been detected by Parkes. Even the Gemini telescope didn’t provide an answer.
Ultimately we turned to the new, highly sensitiveMeerKAT radio telescopein South Africa, owned and operated by the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory. Observations with MeerKAT revealed the source is indeed a new pulsar, PSR J0523-7125, spinning at a rate of about three rotations per second.
Below you can see the MeerKAT image of the pulsar with polarised “sunglasses” on (left) and off (right). If you move the slider, you’ll notice PSR J0523-7125 is the only bright object when the glasses are on.
Our analysis also confirmed its location within the Large Magellanic Cloud, about 160,000 light-years away. We were surprised to find PSR J0523-7125 is more than ten times brighter than all other pulsars in that galaxy, and possibly the brightest pulsar ever found.
What new telescopes can do
The discovery of PSR J0523-7125 demonstrates our ability to find “missing” pulsars using this new technique.
By combining this method with ASKAP’s and MeerKAT’s capabilities, we should be able to discover other types of extreme pulsars – and maybe even other unknown objects thatare hard to explain.
Extreme pulsars are one of the missing pieces in the vast picture of the pulsar population. We’ll need to find more of them before we can truly understand pulsars within the framework of modern physics.
This discovery is just the beginning. ASKAP has now finished its pilot surveys and is expected to launch into full operational capacity later this year. This will pave the way for even more discoveries, when the globalSKA(square kilometer array) telescope network starts observing in the not too distant future.
Acknowledgment: We acknowledge the Wajarri Yamatji as the traditional owners of the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory site where ASKAP is located, and the Wiradjuri people as the traditional owners of the Parkes Observatory.
This article byYuanming Wang, PhD student,University of Sydney;David Kaplan, Professor of Physics,University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, andTara Murphy, Professor,University of Sydneyis republished fromThe Conversationunder a Creative Commons license. Read theoriginal article.
Story byThe Conversation
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