What we know about the innumerable planets outside of our solar system
And why scientists now think that every star has at least one planet.
The exoplanets
There is now evidence that demonstrates the existence of “exoplanets” – that is, planets orbiting stars other than our Sun.
That evidence is based on the discoveries made by theKepler space telescope, launched by NASA in 2009.
For four years, the telescope stared continuously at a single region of space within theconstellation Cygnus.
Looking from Earth, it’s an area that takes up less than 1% of your view of the sky.
How the telescope worked
Kepler had 42 cameras on board, similar to the kind of smartphone camera that you use to take pictures. In that one region, the telescope detected more than 150,000 stars.
About every half-hour it observed the amount of light radiating from each star. Back here on Earth, a team of Kepler scientists analyzed the data.
For most stars, the amount of light stayed pretty much the same.
But for about 3,000 stars, the amount of light repeatedly decreased, by small amounts and for several hours. These drops in brightness happened at regular intervals, like clockwork.
The drops, astronomers concluded, were caused by a planet orbiting its star, periodically blocking some of the light that Kepler’s cameras would otherwise detect.
This event – when a planet passes between a star and its observer – is known as atransit.
And that means that in that one speck of space the Kepler telescope found 3,000 planets.
That’s only the beginning
Although 3,000 planets sounds like a lot, it’s certain many others within that area remain undetected.
That’s because their orbits never blocked the light as seen by Kepler. After all, planetary orbits aren’t all the same; they’re randomly oriented.
But because of the number of transits observed by Kepler, and astronomers’ knowledge of geometry, we can make a good guess on the total number of exoplanets out there.
And after making those calculations, scientists now think, on average,that every star has at least one planet.
This discovery has revolutionized astronomy and our view of the universe.
100 billion stars, 100 billion planets
For instance, our Milky Way galaxy has at least 100 billion stars; that means it has at least 100 billion planets too.
But remember: The universe holds up to 2 trillion galaxies. That’s 2,000,000,000,000! And each galaxy contains tens or even hundreds of billions of stars.
So the number of planets in the universe is truly astronomical, roughly equivalent to thenumber of grains of dry sandon every beach on Earth.
Some of those planets are gas giants, likeJupiterin our solar system. Others are boiling hot, likeVenus. Others may bewater worldsorice planets. And some are Earth-like.
In fact, the Kepler team calculated the abundance of Earth-like planets in the “habitable zone,” a sector of space around each star where a world might have moderate temperatures and liquid water.
They found approximately50% of Sun-like stars in the Milky Wayhost an Earth-like planet in the habitable zone.
That adds up tobillions of potentially habitable worldsjust in our galaxy.
Could life exist elsewhere?
Although scientists haven’t found proof yet, many –including me– now think it’s unlikely that Earth is the only planet where life evolved. That would be as surprising as a large field containing a single stalk.
When will humans detect life elsewhere? Will it be intelligent life? Will people ever receive a message from another civilization?
Today, hundreds of scientists around the world are trying to answer those questions.
Hello, curious kids! Do you have a question you’d like an expert to answer? Ask an adult to send your question toCuriousKidsUS@theconversation.com.Please tell us your name, age and the city where you live.
And since curiosity has no age limit – adults, let us know what you’re wondering, too. We won’t be able to answer every question, but we will do our best.
This article byJean-Luc Margot, Professor of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences,University of California, Los Angeles, is republished fromThe Conversationunder a Creative Commons license. Read theoriginal article.
Story byThe Conversation
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